Sonntag, 6. Dezember 2009

Conclusion

Agenda setting
For a long time only the Washington Post covered Watergate; the paper refused to let the story go.

Standing tall/ standing alone
Although Woodward and Bernstein were inexperienced reporters, and not part of the White House press core, they still actively pursued the Watergate story.

Threats
The Nixon administration threatened Katherine Graham and Ben Bradlee with consequences. The White House tried to shut down two Post owned Florida TV stations and even sue Graham personally.
Competing news organizations had a field-day when the Post made any reporting mistakes.

Scholarly Conclusions:
1. Rodger Streitmatter, author of Mightier than the Sword, concludes good investigative reporting brought down corrupt a president.

2. Michael Schudson, another expert, believes the aura around the Watergate reporting proves to be overly dramatic. A. The press as an institution failed to act courageously; only the Washington Post really pursued the story. B. The FBI and the courts substantially aided the press in its investigative pursuit. C. The press seemed to share partisan motives in going after Nixon.

The Results of Watergate:
1. More young people took interest in journalism and wanted to be journalists.
2. Unprecedented bitterness arose between the White House and press core.
3. Journalists developed into celebrities
4. The private lives of public figures started to spark more public interest.
5. The journalism industry increased its investigative reporting. At one point Wes Gallagher, a former AP reporter said, “ The first amendment is not a hunting license.” But journalists wanted to find something like Watergate with every president; they thought they just needed to dig deeper and harder.

Roy J. Harris Jr. on the impact of Watergate vs. the mystification:
“What matters is that events, circumstances, and the energy, drive, ambition, competitiveness, and courage of some young reporters and their editors at a liberal Washington daily kept alive a story that eventually drove a president from office for the only time in our history.”

Impact

1. Political Impact
A. The first president in American history, Richard Nixon, resigned from his presidential
office.
B. President Ford, formerly vice president under Nixon, removed tape recorders from the oval office.
C. A bad relationship developed between the White House press core, and media in general,
and politicians.
D. As a result of Watergate, the courts threw more than 40 people in jail.


2. Journalism Impact
A. Journalism schools saw a rise in enrollment.
B. News organizations pursued more investigative style reporting.
C. Journalists came to be seen as the “good guys”, "the cool kids," and even as celebrities.
D. Salaries in the journalism industry rose.
E. Woodward became the assistant managing editor of the Post. The "Woodstein" team made a lot of money from the book and movie, “All The President’s Men.”
F. negative: journalists saw Watergate everywhere, meaning they tried very hard to find scandals and bring down politicians
G. made use of anonymous sources acceptable


3. National Impact
A. Watergate damaged the public's faith in politicians.
B. Although the Watergate story had already broken, Nixon won his re-election bid in November 1972, he had to resign from office a year later.
C. People became more interested in the private lives of public figures, especially after the public came to see Nixon as "an evil-mouthed asshole."


Jerry Seib, executive Washington editor of the Wall Street Journal, summarizes Watergate's impact after Mark Felk's death.

Reporting

1. Key Reporting Milestones

In his book, Pulitzer's Gold, Roy J. Harris Jr. identifies four "Woodstein" articles that broke parts of the Watergate story and showed original reporting:

August 1, 1972


September 17, 1972

October 1, 1972

October 10, 1972












2. Mistake
In spite of all the good reporting, Woodward and Bernstein did make some mistakes. Their most flagrant error occurred when they said, inaccurately so, that a source revealed information in front of the grand jury. (The article where the mistake appeared is just below.) Washington Post critics used the mistake to attack the paper


October 25, 1972












3. A General Lack of Reporting
The inexperienced Washington Post reporters, Woodward and Bernstein, acted alone in their pursuit of the Watergate story for many months. Other print reporters, especially members of the White House press core, stuck to "mouth piece journalism".... meaning they simply repeated everything they heard at press briefings without ever digging deeper. TV shied away from Watergate because reporters/producers thought the story seemed too complicated and not visual enough.

Walter Cronkite , as the only other reporter besides Woodward and Bernstein to cover Watergate in the beginning, completed two, short special reports. Cronkite's reports, however, failed to dig as deeply compared to the "Woodstein" chronicles.

4. Obstacles
The Washington Post faced several obstacles in its pursuit of the Watergate story:

A. The White House tried to shut down two Florida TV stations owned by the Post.
B. The White House leaked information to the Washington Star, a Washington Post.
competitor, instead of to the Post. The White House also purposefully avoided giving the Post
information.
C. Other news organizations ridiculed the "Woodstein" team when it made a mistake.
E. The Post faced threats for running with the story. John Mitchell, Richard Nixon's Attorney General and campaign manager, told Bernstein, "Are you going to run with this? If you are Katy Graham's tit is going to get caught in a wringer." (Matt Welch, Mallory Jensen, and Jacqueline Reeves, "Blogsword and Its Gravity," Columbia Journalism Review, September/October 2003, 20.)

5. Deep Throat
The way "Woodstein" reported on Watergate made the use of anonymous sources more acceptable and influenced the press to use them more often. The Washington Post kept Deep Throat's identity secret for more than 30 years.

Deep Throat turned out to be Mark Felt, the second in command at the FBI. He finally revealed his identity in 2005.

Associated Press story about "Deep Throat" or Mark Felt:



"All the President's Men," a film based off the book Woodward and Bernstein wrote about covering Watergate, has its own version of Deep Throat:



6. Pulitzer
Interestingly enough, the "Woodstein" team never won the Pulitzer prize for national or investigative reporting. And only after the board overruled the original jury did the Washington Post earn the gold medal for public service.

Watergate - Thesis and timeline

Thesis
The press, acting as the "fourth estate," used investigative reporting to expose the wrongdoings of a president and thereby influenced the course of the nation's history.

Timeline
The Washington Post, the only newspaper that deeply covered Watergate, posted a timeline and recap of the Watergate events on its website. We've provided a copy of the timeline below.

Carl Bernstein (left) and Bob Woodward (right)
are the two famous Washington Post
reporters who investigated the real story
behind the DNC "burglary."


1968
November 5 - Richard Milhous Nixon, the 55-year-old former vice president who lost the presidency for the Republicans in 1960, reclaims it by defeating Hubert Humphrey in one of the closest elections in U.S. history. Post Story

1969
January 21 - Nixon is inaugurated as the 37th president of the United States. Post Story

1970
July 23 - Nixon approves a plan for greatly expanding domestic intelligence-gathering by the FBI, CIA and other agencies. He has second thoughts a few days later and rescinds his approval.

1971
June 13 - The New York Times begins publishing the Pentagon Papers - the Defense Department's secret history of the Vietnam War. The Washington Post will begin publishing the papers later that same week.

September 3 - The White House "plumbers" unit - named for their orders to plug leaks in the administration - burglarizes a psychiatrist's office to find files on Daniel Ellsberg, the former defense analyst who leaked the Pentagon Papers.

1972
June 17 - Five men, one of whom says he used to work for the CIA, are arrested at 2:30 a.m. trying to bug the offices of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate hotel and office complex. Post Story

June 19 - A GOP security aide is among the Watergate burglars, The Washington Post reports. Former attorney general John Mitchell, head of the Nixon reelection campaign, denies any link to the operation. Post Story

August 1 - A $25,000 cashier's check, apparently earmarked for the Nixon campaign, wound up in the bank account of a Watergate burglar, The Washington Post reports. Post Story

September 29 - John Mitchell, while serving as attorney general, controlled a secret Republican fund used to finance widespread intelligence-gathering operations against the Democrats, The Post reports. Post Story

October 10 - FBI agents establish that the Watergate break-in stems from a massive campaign of political spying and sabotage conducted on behalf of the Nixon reelection effort, The Post reports. Post Story

November 7 - Nixon is reelected in one of the largest landslides in American political history, taking more than 60 percent of the vote and crushing the Democratic nominee, Sen. George McGovern of South Dakota. Post Story

1973
January 30 - Former Nixon aides G. Gordon Liddy and James W. McCord Jr. are convicted of conspiracy, burglary and wiretapping in the Watergate incident. Five other men plead guilty, but mysteries remain. Post Story

April 30 - Nixon's top White House staffers, H.R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman, and Attorney General Richard Kleindienst resign over the scandal. White House counsel John Dean is fired.Post Story

May 18 - The Senate Watergate Committee begins its nationally televised hearings. Attorney General-designate Elliot Richardson taps former solicitor general Archibald Cox as the Justice Department's special prosecutor for Watergate. Post Story | Post Analysis

June 3 - John Dean has told Watergate investigators that he discussed the Watergate cover-up with President Nixon at least 35 times, The Post reports. Post Story

June 13 - Watergate prosecutors find a memo addressed to John Ehrlichman describing in detail the plans to burglarize the office of Pentagon Papers defendant Daniel Ellsberg's psychiatrist, The Post reports. Post Story

July 13 - Alexander Butterfield, former presidential appointments secretary, reveals in congressional testimony that since 1971 Nixon had recorded all conversations and telephone calls in his offices. Post Story

July 18 - Nixon reportedly orders the White House taping system disconnected.

July 23 - Nixon refuses to turn over the presidential tape recordings to the Senate Watergate Committee or the special prosecutor.Post Story

October 20 - Saturday Night Massacre: Nixon fires Archibald Cox and abolishes the office of the special prosecutor. Attorney General Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William D. Ruckelshaus resign. Pressure for impeachment mounts in Congress. Post Story

November 17 - Nixon declares, "I'm not a crook," maintaining his innocence in the Watergate case. Post Story

December 7 - The White House can't explain an 18 ½-minute gap in one of the subpoenaed tapes. Chief of Staff Alexander Haig says one theory is that "some sinister force" erased the segment. Post Story

1974
April 30 - The White House releases more than 1,200 pages of edited transcripts of the Nixon tapes to the House Judiciary Committee, but the committee insists that the tapes themselves must be turned over. Post Story

July 24 - The Supreme Court rules unanimously that Nixon must turn over the tape recordings of 64 White House conversations, rejecting the president's claims of executive privilege. Post Story

July 27 - House Judiciary Committee passes the first of three articles of impeachment, charging obstruction of justice.

August 8 - Richard Nixon becomes the first U.S. president to resign. Vice President Gerald R. Ford assumes the country's highest office. He will later pardon Nixon of all charges related to the Watergate case. Post Story